intelligence

 The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

Types of intelligence

•Fluid intelligence reflects information-processing capabilities that are reasoning and memory.

•The ability to be adaptable and solve problems, even in an unfamiliar situation.

•If we were asked to solve an analogy, group a series of letters according to some criterion, or remember a set of numbers, we would be using fluid intelligence.

•Crystallized Intelligence is the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations.

•It reflects our ability to call up information from longterm memory.

Examples: When you're learning a new language, memorize the new vocabulary words, learning the theory behind solving algebraic equations, or how to do long division, or the general rules of grammar when using a sentence.

GARDNER’S MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

Gardner argues that we have at a minimum eight different forms of intelligence. Each relatively independent of the others:

–Musical

–Bodily kinesthetic

–Logical-mathematical

–Linguistic

–Spatial

–Interpersonal

–Intrapersonal – Naturalist.

Naturalist Intelligence

•Naturalist intelligence designates the human ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations).

•This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef.

Musical Intelligence

•Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.

•This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners.

•Interestingly, there is often an affective connection between music and the emotions; and mathematical and musical intelligences may share common thinking processes.

•Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing or drumming to themselves. They are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

•Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations.

•It enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to use abstract, symbolic thought; sequential reasoning skills; and inductive and deductive thinking patterns. Logical intelligence is usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and detectives.

•Young adults with lots of logical intelligence are interested in patterns, categories, and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments.

Existential Intelligence

•Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as:

•the meaning of life,

•why we die,

•and how did we get here.

Interpersonal Intelligence

•Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others.

•It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives.

•Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence.

•Young adults with this kind of intelligence are leaders among their peers, are good at communicating, and seem to understand others’ feelings and motives.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

•Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills.

•This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union.

•Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and crafts people exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

Linguistic Intelligence

•Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings.

•Linguistic intelligence allows us to understand the order and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of language.

•Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared human competence and is evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers.

•Young adults with this kind of intelligence enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles.

Intra-personal Intelligence

•Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directing one’s life.

•Intra-personal intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self, but also of the human condition.

•It is evident in psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers. These young adults may be shy. They are very aware of their own feelings and are self-motivated.

Spatial Intelligence

•Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions.

•Core capacities include mental imagery, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination.

•They understand the relationship between images and meanings, and between space and effect.

•Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.

•Young adults with this kind of intelligence may be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing or daydreaming.

Stanford – Binet Test. 

•From such tests, the famous intelligence quotient, or IQ was derived. 

•The IQ is simply a person’s mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 to get rid of the decimal point:

IQ = Mental Age    x 100

Chronological Age

•Chronological age = Actual Age

•Mental Age = Date of birth – Date of testing

•What does this mean? If a 10 year old can answer questions of the same difficulty level as most 13 year olds, then IQ = (13/10) x 100 = 130.

•An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities:

1.Achievement test a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

2.Aptitude test a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

3.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

4.Weschler intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

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