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Indications that another person is similar to them and negatively to indications that another person is dissimilar from them is referred as similarity-dissimilarity effect. The similarity effect also makes one to judge the similar person having positive traits. More the proportion of similarity among two people more possibility of attraction can be expected.  An idea that was proposed as an alternative to similarity-dissimilarity hypothesis is that rather than people getting attracted on the basis of similarity it is opposite of that, people repulse about dissimilarity. This is referred as repulsion hypothesis. This hypothesis could not stand on empirical ground, but it is believed that not only similarity but the dissimilarity among two people generates negative affect and hence influences interpersonal attraction.  Research literature provides three theoretical explanations for the phenomenon that similarity generates positive affect and dissimilarity produces negative affec...

Attitudes are a result of beliefs. Beliefs about the object, feelings towards the object, behavioral intensions regarding the object and actual behavior thus shown are all steps towards attitude formation. For example, if employees believe that their current job will provide them with experience and training a positive attitude is developed in them towards the job. There are four process in attitude formation. It is similar to how beliefs are formed.  They include:-  1. Past experience: People develop attitude on the basis of their past experience.  2. Available Information: A piece of information that is happy will influence the beliefs. This will consequently affect the attitude formation. For eg: If an employee hear about the promotion of many people in an industry his attitude changes.  3. Generalization : Generalization comes from similar situations or events. Eg: No one in a job is promoted. This will give a general feeling that there is no promotion. The most ...

 Attribution refers to the the thought processes we employ in explaining the behavior of other people and our own as well. Attribution implies an explanation for the cause of an event or behavior. Attribution theory explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behavior or that of others. We are preoccupied with seeking, constructing and testing explanations of our experiences and to render it orderly, meaningful and predictable for adaptive action. Fritz Heider is considered the father of attribution theory. He believed that people are like amateur scientists, trying to understand other people’s behavior by piecing together information until they arrive at a reasonable cause. He proposed a simple dichotomy for people’s explanations: internal attributions, in which people infer that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about that person (e.g., a trait or attitude) versus external attributions, in which people infer that a person is behaving in a certa...

 DIFFERENT CHANNELS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION : Nonverbal communication is one of the many interesting topics studied by social psychology. Social psychologists view it as an essential element of social perception. Although there are many other forms of nonverbal communication, the term usually means conveying thoughts and/or feelings without words using body language or sounds as the medium. Nonverbal communication can be defined as the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words. The main channels of nonverbal communication are facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, posture and touching. 40 Nonverbal communication takes place in every social setting, though often it is not recognized for what it is or for what it means. It makes up a substantial portion of our communicative experience. Much research has been undertaken in recent years to analyze different kinds of nonverbal communication, and much of this research has addressed issu...

 §Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. He believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. §Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. §He believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shapes our personality. E.g., anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person’s past is hidden from consciousness and may cause problems during adulthood. 1. Consciousness : It contains all of the current thoughts, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment. It includes what you are thinking about right now. 2. Sub-consciousness: It is the storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall, such as what your telephone number is or the name of a person you just met. It also holds current information that you use every day, such as your current recurr...

 Social perception is defined as the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people. In order to know about other people, we depend on information gained from their physical appearance, and verbal and nonverbal communication. Missing information's are filled in by using an implicit personality theory: If a person is observed to have one particular trait, we assume that he or she has other traits related to this observed one. These assumptions help us to categorize people and then infer additional facts and predict behavior. An implicit personality theory is a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together. Like other schemas, using these theories help us form well-developed impressions of other people quickly. Social perceptions are also interlinked with self-perceptions. Both are influenced by self-motives. Society has the desire to achieve beneficial outcomes for the self and to maintain a positive self-image. Just as y...

Human beings reason thoughtfully on most of the social occasions, does not guarantee us rationality of thinking. This means that though we try to be correct in our thought process, we are likely to make errors in our social judgments. We shall explore some errors in cognition.   Negativity Bias:  Take following example: Niranjan is bright, helpful, social, jealous, and friendly person. Which adjective has attracted your attention the most. Perhaps, jealous…right…! This happens because of our tendency called as negativity bias. The tendency of Human beings to pay more attention to negative information than positive information is called as negativity bias. Social psychologists have recognized this tendency of human beings for a long time. Negativity bias refers to the tendency to show greater sensitivity to negative information than positive information. 28 We pay more attention to any negative event, characteristics, etc., of social situation. This is seen in variety of s...